Hundred Flowers - 1369 Words

HundrHow far do you agree that the Hundred Flowers campaign was a trick designed by Mao to trap his opponents? â€Å"Criticism of the bureaucracy is pushing the government towards the better.† Mao managed to convince the intellectual population of China that he genuinely thought that criticism was a necessary factor in the further development of China as a communist nation. During the Hundred Flowers Campaign, many people criticized the party as well as Mao which led to Mao halting it. The communist party quickly reversed the movement and labelled all the critics as ‘rightists’. Historians still debate whether Mao designed the campaign to trick his opponents into revealing themselves or whether it was a social experiment that went wrong.†¦show more content†¦However, the Hundred Flowers Campaign can also be considered a genuine error by Mao as he underestimated the extent of discontent the people had with communism and was thus forced to reverse it into the anti- rightist movement in order to restore his authority over China. Despite the 5 year plan being heralded as a success, Mao realized that the communist bureaucracy had many flaws and he was dissatisfied with the amount of involvement from the peasants. Mao believed that if all the ‘different schools of thought’ would be allowed to ‘contend’ then communism would emerge as the supreme ideology however this was not the case. Mao also wanted communism to be improve due to the constructive criticism from intellectuals. However, there was overwhelming support for a democratic regime and this is the real reason why Mao was forced to label the intelligentsia as ‘rightists’ because not doing so would lead to erosion of respect for authority and increased support for an anti- communist regime. Mao also disliked the fact that the communist party was severe in applying its policies and wanted to see intellectuals play a greater role. In addition to Mao wanting communism to naturally emerge as the greatest belief, he also wanted to purge the CCP of corruption and bureaucracy as he believed that these two factors were limiting the growth of communism in China.Show MoreRelatedThe Achievements And Policies Of The First Ten Years1385 Words   |  6 PagesChina’s Communist Party (CCP) and the chairman of the People’s Republic of China from September 27, 1954, to April 27, 1959, under the first constitution. Mao brought the Hundred Flowers Campaign in 1956 in order to gain the support of the intelligentsia that would promote his socialistic agenda in Chinese society. The Hundred Flowers Campaign allowed people to have freedom of speech. Before this, freedom of speech was strictly forbidden in China, especially against the Communist party. In order toRead MoreThe 100 Flowers Movement And Expression1217 Words   |  5 PagesJaley Johnson period 3 Plan of investigation: This investigation will explore the 100 flowers movement and how it introduced freedom of speech and expression in chinese society. The examination will also include the peoples opinions and thoughts on this movement. It is going to touch bases on the actual results of this plan, and whether what was said to have happened actually did. The sources listed in my work cited page expands on the series of events that happen leading up to the change in theRead More The Invigorating Meadow Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pagesas the one we have this year, parts of the meadow may be left uncut until August, providing mulch hay rather than animal feed. This year I tried to identify as many kinds of grasses as I could. I examined the flower clusters with their delicate spikelets as they opened. Grass flowers are small and inconspicuous but wonderfully intricate when examined closely and required all the patience I could muster. My poor old brain managed to sort out four or five, but, in the end, I settled for the lovelyRead MoreI Chose Roses And Birds Number 5 By Kiki Smith Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesdrawn to Roses and Birds Number 5 because of the thin lines, the flowers, and how its fragility added an aura of femininity. Upon closer inspection of the art, I appreciated the artist’s use of Nepalese paper as her canvas. Unlike Kiki Smith’s piece, I wasn’t immediately drawn to Ornaments. The metal, while shiny, looked cold and hard. The piece is a floral arrangement, but looking at it I couldn’t envision the soft petals of flowers. Once I put aside my personal feelings and started observing theRead Mor eMy Company Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesall about selling flowers. Florely is a company that has thrived off of selling flowers since the twentieth of   May, 2012. All of Florely’s employees are trained to understand the meaning behind each flower that we produce. Majority of   Florely customers   know that we care as a whole and as individuals. Our customers love our natural flowers that we as a company has grown from God’s green, perfect earth. We sell every flower under the sun but everyone has their favorite flower of course. There isRead MoreGardening Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesand that we can replenish ourselves by returning our attention to nature, so next time you are outside, try trading in your blackberry for blackberry bushes. Just sitting in a garden, watching the insects, listening to the birds or smelling the flowers can have positive psychological benefits. â€Å"In a recent study, a group of gardeners performed a stressful task and were then randomly assigned to 30 minutes of outdoor gardening or indoor reading. Gardening and reading each led to decreases in cortisolRead MoreLesson 3 Essay Questions1444 Words   |  6 Pagesevolved to become less dependent on water? There are 5 specific events is the evolution of land plants. Protection of the embryo. Evolution of vascular tissue. Evolution of leaves (microphylls and megaphylls) Evolution of seeds. Evolution of flowers. All of these changes have helped plants become less dependent on water. Seed bearing vascular plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms have adapted tissue structures for life in dryer climates. They produce seeds, a seed contains an embryo and storedRead MoreGumamela Flower and Ipil-Ipil Leaves as Alternative Shoe Polisher2395 Words   |  10 PagesHibiscus rosa-sinensis Flower and Ipil-ipil leaves as Alternative Shoe Polisher ------------------------------------------------- i ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to determine the possibility of producing an acceptable Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Flower and Ipil-ipil leaves extract shoe polisher that can be alternative to the present commercial shoe polisher in terms of its use in a smooth shoes. Two shoe polisher were compared; one Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Flower and Ipil-ipil leaves extractRead MoreBee Outline856 Words   |  4 Pages(Explanation) Body #1  » When a bee comes to collect nectar and pollen from the flower of a plant, some pollen sticks to the hairs of their bodies. When the bee travels to the next flower, some of the pollen, on its body, is rubbed off and fertilization is made possible.  » Plants rely on bees and other insects to reproduce, so they have adapted to become more attractive to them. Bees are drawn to plants with open flowers and lots of pollen and nectar. A flowers scent can have particular appealRead MoreGergor Mendels Incredible Understanding of the Principles of Heredity786 Words   |  4 Pagestogether, whether traits will show in the offspring or not. He observed seven important traits that could be easily identified, these are known as the phenotypes. These traits or characteristics were 1. Colour of the flower Purple or white 2. Axil and terminal position of the flower 3. Short and long stem length 4. Smooth or wrinkle seeds 5. Yellow or green seeds 6. If the pods were inflated or constricted 7. Yellow or green pods. In this second experiment he found that the â€Å"factors† (Genes) as

Essay about Force Field Analysis - 811 Words

Week 04 – Written Assignment – Force Field Analysis Sarah Schaub Rasmussen College Author Note This research is being submitted on May 07, 2013 for Mauvalyn Bowen, PhD FX1 – B420 Section BLN-T Organizational Development – Spring 2013 Week 04 – Written Assignment – Force Field Analysis What are the macro issues? One of the macro issues is the fact that Disney is a global corporation and the country operations needed to be weaved together. One example of this is, Hightower claims to have a left a legacy behind of bringing colleagues together within these country operations. He had one U.K. country manager who only looked at the British perspective. In order to make this change, he began having quarterly meetings with himself,†¦show more content†¦A European audience has a diverse culture, which would mean Disney would need to market to all types of different people and have product and service for different ages, gender and race. As it stood, the European market was not a focus and was being treated as an American market. This had to change. What are the retraining forces (resistance) against change? One of the resisters to change is the fear of the unknown. When someone doesn’t know what is going to change, they begin to imagine what is going to change and come up with their own conclusions, this will happen more often when the person making the change is not transparent. Another resister to change is a person’s routine is being disrupted. Many people develop a routine when they begin work, it becomes almost like a habit. When someone comes in and wants to change that habit, the employee loses that control and it is an unknown and unfamiliar and that can be scary for some people (Harvey amp; Brown, 2011, p. 152). What strategies should Disney use to weaken the retraining forces and make way for change? The first thing Disney should do is develop standard language that will be released to all employees that change will be taking place, and why it is taking place. Transparency is key in this type of situation. If Disney is not transparent, employees will begin to make their own determinations of whatShow MoreRelatedForce Field Analysis3055 Words   |  13 PagesIn creating a force field analysis, I first had to look at the presenting problem of what I plan to change within my agency. For my field practice assignment, I am working in conjunction with my supervisor (Assistant Director) and the Director of the program on implementing changes to the provider’s contract. There are many policies and procedures that are being violated on the provider’s end of the contract that are in turn causing violations with the Department of Health and A.C.D. (Agency forRead More The Force Field Analysis Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesThe Force Field Analysis Problem solving can be a tricky and complicated process. Often times the initial step of identifying the problem and coming up with possible solutions is the hardest part. Businesses, schools, and any team settings around the world use many established problem solving tools and techniques. These range from brainstorming, mind mapping, imagining, and many others. Groups use these techniques to add some order to a potential chaotic experience. One popular tool is known asRead MoreLewins Force Field Analysis1307 Words   |  6 PagesLewin’s Force Field Analysis Force Field Analysis is a model which shows a current level of a business in which it is affected by driving forces which are positive and encourages development of a plan and also restraining forces which are negative and hinder the development of a plan. In other words, to ensure that a decision is well made, the positivity of the driving forces has to exceed the negativity of the restraining forces. [pic] * Driving forces means forces that are positiveRead MoreNormative vs Force Field Analysis Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesNormative vs. Force Field Analysis Kim Schnitzer August 21, 2011 AIU Online Abstract The following pages contain information provided in a memo to BARTH, Inc from Working Better Group. This information is in reference to different forms of collecting information and analyzing it to make changes within the organization. Introduction The following pages discuss the comparison between the normative model and force field analysis. They will also discuss WBG’s selection of which form of dataRead MoreThe Basic Concepts Of Force Field Analysis By Kurt Lewin1674 Words   |  7 Pages The first management theory to be examined is force-field analysis by Kurt Lewin. Force-field analysis provides a template for looking that the factors that influence both corporate and personal environments, however the focus will be on the business side of the theory. To understand the basic concepts of the force field analysis, imagine yourself sitting in a chair. There are two forces holding you in the chair, one is gravity, a driving force, which is pushing you down into the chair and theRead MoreWe ve Done Our Force Field Analysis Essay2014 Words   |  9 PagesOnce we ve done our Force Field Analysis, we can use it in two ways: †¢ To decide whether or not to move forward with the decision or change. For example, Victor and management want his employees to be descent jokers and overcome his problems of three members of staff who are making trouble. †¢ To think about how we can strengthen the forces that supports the change and weakens the forces opposing it, so that the change is more successful. Such as in the diagram the change of force like Victor wantsRead MoreSwot Analysis And Porter s Five Forces Of Competition1379 Words   |  6 Pagesplanning frameworks such as SWOT analysis and Porter s five forces of competition. These frameworks aid organizations think about the sorts of inquiries they want to ask and the information that they need to put in consideration before making any business decisions. They both help in evaluating company s strengths and weaknesses associated to the industry’s opportunities and challenges. SWOT can be defined as a more general and overall assessment, while the Five Forces model is more single growth decisionRead MorePorter Five Forces in the Robotics Industry1719 Words   |  7 PagesPorter’s Five Forces in the Robotics Industry Iryna Varniaga University of Maryland University College Fall 2013 Turnitin score: 25% Porter’s Five Forces in the Robotics Industry â€Å"Porter’s five forces†: Introduction. â€Å"Porter’s five forces† is widely applied in today’s business world. Harvard Professor Michael E. Porter’s first HBR article â€Å"How competitive forces shape strategy† was published in 1979. It became revolutionary in the field of strategy. Porter’s subsequent work has broughtRead MoreEssay about Fall of Ibm1683 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: The Fall of IBM Date: September 20, 2013 I. Executive Summary The purpose of this case study analysis is to analyze the situation of IBM in the 1990s, to come up with possible mutually exclusive alternatives for IBM’s management and ultimately, to recommend a possible strategy to regain back IBM’s throne in the industry. The problem of the case study is all about the survival of IBM in a much more competitive market ever encountered by the company. And also, overcoming newRead MoreGeneral Electric ( Ge )816 Words   |  4 Pagescorporation could earn above-average returns. The industrial organization model focuses on an analysis of the environment around the organization. â€Å"An industrial organization is a field of economics dealing with the strategic behavior of firms, regulatory policy, antitrust policy and market competition† (Industrial, 2012). The I/O (Industrial Organization) Model helps a business understand it has outside forces such as opportunities in the market and also any threats that are important to be aware of

Music Concert Report Piano Quintet Essay Example For Students

Music Concert Report : Piano Quintet Essay The concert was my first time and delightful that I had a opportunity to listen to classical music through the first concert, two Piano Quintets performed by Karen Followings, Algae Drilling, Susan Eng, Loire Kernel, Bert Turreted at the Incarnation Lutheran Church on February, 19, 2012. The performance consisted of two pieces and the first piece performed was Piano quintet, Pop 87 written by J. N. Hummel in the end of classic era and the second piece was Piano Quintet, Pop 114 written by F. Schubert, also as well known as The Trout. It was interesting that Hummel composed this quintet in 1802, almost 20 years before Schubert wrote the Trout in 1819 and their composition were widely played during their lifetime; in addition, the both of them have a common in that those two are famous Piano quintets. I thought that the melodies were quite and resounded magnificently in my mind. I could even subconsciously focus on the notes and release feelings of tension. First of all, the Quintet Pop. 87 is a masterpiece; the first movement (Allegro E Risotto Assai) at once captives and impresses the hearer with its power and passion. After this follows the Monument Y Trio, Largo, Allegro Agitator, is full of light-hearted merriment and ends with a brilliant and effective close. While listening to it, the melody reminded me of Mozart pianist style and The Trout, which would be performed Just next to it and, actually, Hummel studied with Mozart. Especially, the first movement of Quintet, POP. 87 sounded like tango to me and it started with the violin by Algae Drilling, then, the piano sounded to make harmony. I felt that the IANA sound was extremely live and rhythmical, whereas, the others created nervous tension for making harmony with the piano. As I said above, everything including Violin, Viola, Cello and Contrabass seemed to be harmony with another, the sound reflected to be able to emphasize each instrument and piano quintet. The second movement, Monument Y Trio, Allegro con foci, started quietly but, soon, it made a highly elated atmosphere which I was going into and let myself to the flow of continuing intensive melody. On the other hand, it sounded for me to ease tension occasionally. At that time, I could even felt melancholy strain. It repeated to raise tensions constantly, which it was the first time that the melody made me high tension emotionally and I was impressed by the harmony of the piano quintet because I had never been to any orchestra or concert. After that, the third chapter, Largo, started and then, the sound of piano a bit went up with its fast pace and increased tension more and more, which I felt like sadness and depressed emotion; however, I could retrieve my mental stability by focusing on listening to it. My sentiment was raising giggly as it was flowing fast little by little and, finally, was connected to the Finale, Allegro Agitator, the last movement. In the last movement, it became mild, warm and brighter again as if the first movement, the violin and cello sound much attracted my attention because of the wonderful and lilting sound. In the end of the Finale, it went up with high pace again and presented the peculiar principal theme which was of a Music Concert Report : Piano Quintet By Johnny understand little why it is particularly interesting in its scoring and receive hummers read dramatic works by listening to it. Secondly, after Piano quintet, Pop 87 performed, they played Piano Quintet, Pop 1 14, widely known as The Trout. It was not first time to hear it but was first time to see the performance at the concert. It consists of five parts and is also immensely popular and famous because it was made by F . Schubert. As the name is The Trout, I felt the piano sound was fresh and animated as if trout was swimming lively from the first movement. When hiking the mountain and seeing the water of a brook, we can feel Ewing full of life, animation and restfulness. I felt Just like when I see the water of a brook and could even imagine the figure of trout. .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 , .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 .postImageUrl , .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 , .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567:hover , .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567:visited , .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567:active { border:0!important; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567:active , .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567 .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u365c415791630909589a28ee83cbc567:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Coldplay albulm review EssayIn the first movement, Allegro Vice, the four instruments made harmony slowly based on the piano sound and, especially, the violin and cello stood out clearly. The powerful sound of the cello by Loire Kernel was so great and played a role as bridge. I was impressed by a merit of cello sound again and again. The second movement, Andante, was so lyrical melody that I could feel stability and richness like I had lived in village and been satisfied tit my life; in addition, The three of the violin, viola and cello melodies definitely showed to advantage. I personally would like to listen to the music with lyricism because it radiates feeling of relaxation. From this part, I started to think this tune was made for cello because the cello sounded ever-greater part of this music. After the second chapter, the third movement, Scherzo, was as if the piano and others were talking to each other to make harmony. It was greatly cheerful that it made me pleasant and it went up with fast pace. The light each sounds added zest to the melody. The reason why I listen to it again and again is this part because its flow was interesting to me like trout was playing in the water. In the fourth movement, Indication, I felt different sensation of lilting due to the many times of playing a variation and found the other liveliness by hearing this chapter. This part was why it was named The Trout because it impresses that trout settles down to active, indeed. I also could imagine that trout was going all over in the water and playing; moreover, I loud know this part was made of cheerful feature entirely. The Finale, Allegro Gusto, also was brimful of vigor. The four string instrument played theme and the piano repeated it in high speed. This part also made an impression which was fulfilled of vitality to me. I would like the music going on continuously fresh tune of the four string instruments sound. Somehow it made me feel like Hungary wanderer too because of the delightful melody. This performance was fascinating enough to hold attention of audiences. I was captivated by the great wonderful sound. By listening to these two piano quintets, I took a new step on the classic music. I was unfamiliar with classic music but, now, since I attended this concert, I sometimes listen to classic music and relieve stress. Now I realized that classical music has its own distinct charm compared to new age and the impression from the melody could be amplified when I appreciated musical pieces on the spot. It was today when I sank into a deep emotion with classic music, precious harvest to attend the great concert and listen to classic music.

Tata Nano free essay sample

In the post globalized era where India is looking at growth rates of more than 8%, one of the main beneficiaries of India’s growth story is Automobile Industry. Termed asâ€Å"Industry of Industries† . Automobile industry has been one of the indicators of a country’s economic prosperity, as major population of Indian economy is turning out as middle class society. Prior to the 1991 liberalization, auto industry in India was controlled and licensed by the government. Post 1991, the industry has grown at an average rate of 17%. Currently contributing to around 5% of the GDP, this is expected to rise to 10% of GDP. TATA NANO: Overview TATA Nano is the cheapest car in the world. It is manufactured by TATA Motor Limited, the largest automobile company in India. Its chairman, Mr. Ratan Tata envisions that Tata Nano to become a â€Å"People’s car† which is affordable by almost everybody. Tata Nano is manufactured totally in India. We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Nano or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its assembled in its two factories atPantnagar and at Uttarakhand and also have a mother plant at Sanand Gujarat. What makes Nano so cheap? It has small and light engine, a 623cc two-cylinder petrol engine made of aluminum. Factors that contribute towards the weight reduction are the usage of hollow steering wheel shafts, plastic body panels and smaller tubeless tires. As a result of these measures, Tata Nano weighs only about 590kg. Lesser weight and fewer parts mean less raw material and lower cost for Tata Nano. Vision and Innovation are successfully implemented without compromising the safety and environmental compliance. Analysis of Market Offerings:- 1. Markets across the Countries:- First targeted market was the low income Indian families and lower middle class population. Now its expanding its market in other countries such as Malaysia, the rest of Asia, Europe, Africa and South America. The car was in 78-th Geneva Motor Show 2008. This helped to make the image of car in other countries than the existing ones back home in India 2. On the Web:- Considering the needs of the Market its website was launched in the beginning. Website is quite comprehensive and provides all the answers to the questions being asked since the start of the project. The marketing team has put a good effort to keep the website simple and easy to use and understand. Now one can find the Nano on Facebook, Orkut and Twitter. . Bank Finance :- TATA is keeping its promise of â€Å"people’s car† by providing bank car financing. NANO has made the way for the people who can’t afford to pay the price with the booking of the car. The 15 major banks including the state bank of India have been signed with the TATA to finance the low income people. The Key Marketing Feat ures:- 1. Affordability :- * Tato Nano is priced around Rs. 1 Lac . Which is almost half the price of the cheapest car in India, Maruti Suzuki, which is priced around 2 Lacs. * The low maintenance cost is a big issue, to maintain this car by oneself in a rough country is very easy and cheaper. The small size of the car gives a big advantage of parking in a densed Indian roads . 2. Warranty :- Its providing a 18 months Or 24000 Kms. warranty. Its not very good as compared to what one gets at the international level but it is still sounds good and once it is considered in price, fuel consumption and being eco friendly. 3. Fuel Efficient :- Tata Nano has a mileage of 21. 97 kilometer per liter, under city road conditions, and 25. 97 km/L on highways. This makes Tata Nano a fuel efficient vehicle, which will save money in the long-term. This mileage comes with an engine of 623 cc with a maximum speed of 105 Kmph. 4. Environment Friendly :- Tata Nano emits less carbon than two-wheelers. It also meets emission norms of BS II, III, IV which are Euro II, II, IV equivalent. MARKETING FOCUS – STP ANALYSIS:- 1. The target customers * Lower and Middle Income families,who aspire to upgrade to 4- wheelers from being 2-wheeler users. Such families stay away from purchasing cars due to the affordability factor. Affordable purchase price, low maintenance cost, increased safety, usefulness as a family vehicle are the factors that influence such buying decisions. Nano is also targeting the Youth, especially students who prefer young, trendy and innovative vehicles. Cars with safety characteristics would appeal more to them over 2-wheelers. * Families who want a second car, mostly for women and children. Nano has been positioned as an innovative and trendy car, as opposed to be a cheap car. It leverages the TATA’s goo dwill in market for the people throughout its publicity. 2. The Target Segment Nano aims to carve out a niche segment for itself in the Indian automobile industry. The closest competitor is Maruti 800. Maruti 800 is slowly moving out. Its price is higher (gt;2. 3 Lacs) compared to Nano and people are weary of its looks and functionalities. More recent cars such as Maruti Alto and Chevrolet Spark are also wooing customers, but their pricing and positioning is totally different than that of Nano, preventing any direct competition. Real threat comes from the small cars from Bajaj and Renault-Nissan etc. They will directly compete with Nano in the same segment. The other major competitor for Nano is the 2-wheelers. Most of the young people, students and lower and middle income families currently depend on 2-wheelers for their day to day activities. Primary reason for this is the lower initial cost and lower maintenance cost. Motorcycles such as Bajaj Pulsar and Hero Honda motorcycles has snatched the attention of the youth and family users. 3. Positioning: Tata Nano will position itself as the world cheapest car and yet does not compromise the quality, safety and environment. The Tata Nano has proved its robustness and reliability in many car rallies and expeditions undertaken by Tata Motors and by customers on their own. Its is the car that has put India on the world motoring map. It also has very good ground clearance and climbs well. MARKETING MIX 1. Product : Tata has wide range of luxury and small cars, utility vehicles, SUVs, defense vehicles, trucks and etc. * Nano received media attention due to its targeted low price. * The Tata Nano is  a rear-engine, four passenger, city car. * Aimed primarily at the Indian market but now spreading its market across the countries. PRODUCT MIX: 1. Products: Tata Nano has 3 types of models available in the market. Variants and their Pricing: †¢ Basic Tata Nano priced at 123,000 INR as no extras. †¢ Tata Nano Cx priced at 151,000 Rupees has air conditioning. †¢ Tata Nano Lx priced at 172,000 Rupees has air conditioning and power windows. . Price: The prices of Tata motors are generally affordable acceptable by the general public at large and Nano being their trump card. Giving discount every month one of the strong strategy use by Tata Motors. Pricing strategies * Penetration pricing * Low pricing policy with minimum profit margin. * Though the 1 lac price tag is not fixed b y TATA  group, it was the word of mouth of people which  fixed that range. This  expectation of people creates a big challenge for the company. 3. Place: Tata Motors has an extensive dealer network covering Indian and International markets. Wherever you are, there is a Tata Motors Sales and Service dealership close to you. The channel of  distribution, phsycic allocation, and dealership method of distribution and sales is generally adopted. The distribution of vehicle must be  in a very systematic way, from the plant to dealership and to end user. This is not only in India itself  but also to the world-wide dealership. 4. Promotion: Tata motors promote their products via advertising and after sales services. * Enough use of promotion mix, publicity reduces the necessity of other promotional devices for Nano. * Publicity as â€Å"1 lac car† by mouth to mouth Auto expo 2008,New Delhi amp; Geneva * Singur violation and new plant set up at Pantnagar Other type of promotional activities: TATA is going to launch its nano mobile for indicom user, nano watches, nano T-shirts available in  Westside stores. Advertisement : * TV amp; other mass media is very effective * Online buzz:- Nano has gone beyond the tradit ional methods of advertising and promotion * Online have a blog  on the official website where they discuss interesting topics and  maintain an active community * Official Orkut community, Facebook  Group Fans ,twitter fans group. Highest View Count on You Tube-  303,006 Level of a product: car * Core benefit: the need to get from one place to another. * Basic product: a car on its own; on this level this basically means that the car has 4 wheels. * Expected product: a car that is in working condition, so the owner can use it for transportation, it has decent mileage, etc. * Augmented product: TATA Nano that is in fully working condition, has an attractive design, passed all  tests, has 4-wheel steering, built-in alarm and air condition, etc. The car is also accompanied by other benefits provided by the motor company like warranty, instalments, etc. * Potential product: the car is much safer than the competitors’ products, it tends to break down less frequently than other cars. Product development life cycle of TATA NANO TATA NANO is one car which has created all in all a kind of new segment and this product is really different from all other. Introduction stage:- Tata Group introduced the revolutionary Tata Nano on January 08. It immediately stirred among Indian Consumers. It  was dubbed as â€Å"The People’s Car†. However, Low Price of the car is one of the crucial factors, which  is going to deciding the future of Tata Nano. Launch was successful and was overbooked by almost 200%. Globally car is positioned as â€Å"The World’s Cheapest Car? , which does not compromise quality, safety and environment. Growth stage:-   Nano aims to make out a niche segment for itself in the Indian automobile industry. The booming economy and the accelerated growth of lower middle class has generated very high demand for small cars. The closest competitor in the 4-wheeler segment:- Maruti 800 ( national competitor ,now going out of Indian roads ) * Toyota IQ (international competitor) * Reva (national and international competitor, cheaper than nano) Other cars are also planning to come in this segment at the same price level. Maturity stage:- †¢ Additionally Nano used innovative  and current successful promotions. â€Å"Tata Lana? was to be a  promotion that would put â€Å"lana? , cash, back into hands of purchasers . †¢ Nano would offer cash to purchasers as an incentive to buy or finance a Tata Nano. These kinds of promotions have proved highly effective in India . But with the increasing competition and  many new cars of different companies coming  into this segment can move the tata nano into the maturity stage. After coming at this stage tata nano will not have to spend a lot on promotions because it will be really popular by then and will be generating ample amount of revenue. Decline stage:- Nano is in the decline stage because failure of the car from the point of its release, because of its lighter body and inefficient engine and loud noise,that has issues with some parts of the market. It also went out of the market because of its advertisement in which the word â€Å"The cheapest car† has been in talks and public not liking the word â€Å"Cheap†. The low-income consumers in emerging markets often spurs significant innovation. * World is getting tougher day by day being unique is a competitive advantage. Expectations to nano has proved this. * After 100 years to Henry Ford, Tata has proved him again not only he came out of the expectations but also came out with a platform for Indian auto sector. * So as per this, it is not only the future car of India but also to the world, if exported.

Teach YOur Children Well1 essays

Teach YOur Children Well1 essays New California law states that it is up to the prosecutors in a case as to whether minors are charged as adults for violent crimes. What should a judge do when eight boys from suburban middle class families, confess to armed robbery and assault and battery of five Hispanic immigrant farm workers? In this case, one must realize what a delicate situation this has come to be. If tried as adults these eight boys could spend their next sixteen years in juvenile detention. They were described as being 'good boys' with no other marks on their records. With only one reason for committing such a crime, these boys need to face their racism while justice is being served, with non-traditional punishment that will teach an unforgettable lesson. As upper-middle class, above-average students, even some athletes, these boys obviously do not know what life is all about. Authorities said that the boys were specifically looking for Hispanic workers to attack, so that shows the boys had some type of motive. In this day and age where Americans have a need to be treated as equal; equal opportunity employers, equal rights for men, women, African-American, Chinese-American, and every other group of people in this country, one would think that somewhere along the line children would get the message that we are all the same. Children should be taught to love, not hate. It is painful to see such a crime committed just for the mere fact that they were different. Didn't hate crimes end in the sixties? Why is it that still parents cannot or will not instill in their children ideals of an equal human race? Black or white, brown or red, rich or poor, aren't we all the same when you turn out the lights? I am not saying that I think th is is entirely the parents' fault, but they do need to take blame. At the age these boys are at, their parents are some of their few role models, and they always will be, but at this age, parents are the most influential p...

Manganese Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Manganese Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Manganese  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 25 Symbol: Mn Atomic Weight: 54.93805 Discovery: Johann Gahn, Scheele, Bergman 1774 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s2 3d5 Word Origin: Latin magnes: magnet, referring to the magnetic properties of pyrolusite; Italian manganese: corrupt form of magnesia Properties: Manganese has a melting point of 1244/-3 °C, boiling point of 1962 °C, specific gravity of 7.21 to 7.44 (depending on allotropic form), and valence of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7. Ordinary manganese is a hard and brittle gray-white metal. It is chemically reactive and slowly decomposes in cold water. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic (only) after special treatment. There are four allotropic forms of manganese. The alpha form is stable at normal temperatures. The gamma form changes to the alpha form at ordinary temperature. In contrast to the alpha form, the gamma form is soft, flexible, and easily cut. Uses: Manganese is an important alloying agent. It is added to improve the strength, toughness, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and hardenability of steels. Together with aluminum and antimony, especially in the presence of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys. Manganese dioxide is used as a depolarizer in dry cells and as a decolorizing agent for glass that has been colored green due to iron impurities. The dioxide is also used in drying black paints and in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine. Manganese colors glass an amethyst color and is the coloring agent in natural amethyst. The permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent and is useful for qualitative analysis and in medicine. Manganese is an important trace element in nutrition, although exposure to the element is toxic in higher quantities. Sources: In 1774, Gahn isolated manganese by reducing its dioxide with carbon. The metal may also be obtained by electrolysis or by reducing the oxide with sodium, magnesium, or aluminum. Manganese-containing minerals are widely distributed. Pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) are among the most common of these minerals. Element Classification: Transition Metal Isotopes: There are known 25 isotopes of manganese ranging from Mn-44 to Mn-67 and Mn-69. The only stable isotope is Mn-55. The next most stable isotope is Mn-53 with a half-life of 3.74 x 106 years. Density (g/cc): 7.21 Manganese Physical Data Melting Point (K): 1517 Boiling Point (K): 2235 Appearance: Hard, brittle, grayish-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 135 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 7.39 Covalent Radius (pm): 117 Ionic Radius: 46 (7e) 80 (2e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.477 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): (13.4) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 221 Debye Temperature (K): 400.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.55 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 716.8 Oxidation States: 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 0, -1 The most common oxidation states are 0, 2, 6 and 7 Lattice Structure: Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 8.890 CAS registry number: 7439-96-5 Manganese Trivia: Manganese dioxide is used to make clear glass. Normal silica glass is tinted green and the manganese oxides add a purple tint to the glass that cancels out the green. Because of this property, glassmakers called it glassmakers soap.Manganese is found in the enzymes necessary to metabolize fats and carbohydrates.Manganese is found in the bones, liver, kidneys, and pancreas.Manganese is important in the processes that form bones, clots blood, and regulates blood sugar.As important as manganese is to our health, the body does not store manganese.Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the Earths crust.Manganese has an abundance of 2 x 10-4 mg/L in sea water (parts per million).The permanganate ion (MnO4-) contains the 7 oxidation state of manganese.Manganese was found in a black mineral called magnes from the ancient Greek kingdom of Magnesia. Magnes was actually two different minerals, magnetite and pyrolusite. The pyrolusite mineral (manganese dioxide) was called magnesia. Manganese is used in steel production to fix the sulfur found in iron ores. It also strengthens steel and prevents oxidation. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

TESCO and the JIT Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

TESCO and the JIT Philosophy - Essay Example While it is not clear which supermarket pioneered this revolutionary supply chain model, which is now adopted by many in the industry and is considered as a standard of best practice, many attribute it to Tesco’s reforms set up late in the 1990s. This is a report on Tesco’s supply chain management practices, which is recognized to be designed after Toyota’s â€Å"just in time† (JIT) model. Specifically, this report will compare JIT principles to Tesco’s business practices and assess the latter’s efficacy in the navigation of the challenges Tesco faces amidst the internationalization of both suppliers and its market. II. Relevant Operational Theories and Principles Supply Chain Management Fundamentally, supply chain management is the framework by which processes, structures, managements elements in the value chain is integrated and coordinated. It is crucial in the drive for competitive advantage and concerns the alignment of management practices into what the requirements of the customers. Seuring (2003) outlined the basic characteristics of the concept: †¢ Supply chain management is primarily an integration-oriented logistics management concept, characterized by the strategic, cooperation-oriented and interorganizational initiatives; †¢ The task of the concept is to manage the supplier-buyer relationships, particularly streamlining the complex chain and network involved; The goal is to align all activities to satisfy the requirements and needs of customers and reduce costs and enable the organization to take advantage of opportunities; The focus is to realize efficiencies and the expansion of covered activities beyond logistics, including management components and information flows among the supply chain partners. (p169-168) Lambert was able to depict the framework in the following model: Supply Management Framework (Lambert, 2000, p70) SCM Tools Supply chain management tools are essentially systems and solutions that are designed to enhance it so that the processes produce value for customers either in facilitating, integrating, coordinating, controlling, optimizing and so forth. An excellent example is technology. Through this tool, SCM is able to automate order processing, warehousing, among other stages in the value chain and make centralization possible and more efficient. Tesco’s continuous replenishment system is a specific example. Th en, there is also the so-called electronic data interchange

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Criminal Law - Essay Example , or crime within the concerns of the office, the report was made intentionally knowing it was false, the defendant had an intention to obstruct, deceive, or hinder the police from preventing the crime or in favoring someone who was a part of the crime (Leo, 2009). In order to be found guilty under false statements or report to the police officer, the defendant must cover these elements; the most important being the intention. The defendant must be having the knowledge about the statement or report being false. In this case, the defendant was trying to save her husband from arrest but this would cause her severe consequences as she is charged for a criminal offence. The defendant can be charged fines or given a sentence for up to 10 years in jail depending upon the statement and the consequences that were bought because of that statement (Barrineau, 1987). Officer Jones then suspected an individual who partially fitted in the description provided by the victim. The description was given by a reasonable person who was of reasonably sound mind and injured. The officer believed her false statement which accounted to a reasonable suspicion against the individual. Reasonable suspicion is a standard of proof that allows police officers to suspect a person who fits in the description of a criminal. However the officer warned the individual twice to stop yet he didn’t, and furthermore asked him to keep his hands where the officer could see him, that he rejected too. Ignoring police officer’s orders, specifically the ones in uniform, is a crime and can subject to consequences (Leo, 2009). However, the individual refused to comply with the police orders and placed his hand in his pocket which gave the police officer a reasonable suspicion that he carried a weapon, even though he didn’t. On those grounds, the police officer shot his left shoulder in order to defend himself. There is no liability on the officer as he had reasonable grounds for suspicion, and there was

Design Studio Overview Essay Example for Free

Design Studio Overview Essay Purpose The design studio component of this course aims to help you develop your collaborative design skills, as well providing setting to practice use the modelling techniques taught in the course. Each design studio will be based around a mini-case describing a realistic business scenario. You will work in groups to analyse the key business processes in each scenario and identify how technology can be used to improve those processes. Each week, group members will take on the roles of business analysts, systems analysts and project manager and work together to produce a system design using a specific modelling approach. The design phase will be followed by a critique phase that will give you experience in analysing other people’s designs, as well as helping you to improve your own designs. Agenda Each design studio will run for two hours, broken into the phases below. You will need to follow the timing to complete a sufficient proportion of the studio to use it for Assignment 1. 1. Group formation: (5 minutes) Groups should have 3-5 members. You should try to swap groups each week.   2. Role assignment: (5 minutes) Your group will need: a.  Business analysts: to identify the key business processes in the minicase b. Systems analysts: to identify which business processes can be improved by technology and how this can be achieved. c. A project manager: to manage the team and keep to the schedule You should try to swap roles each week 3. Requirements gathering (10 minutes): You will be provided with a printed mini-case each week, which you should use to develop your list of requirements. 4. Design (30 minutes): Create a system design using the required modelling technique. 5. BREAK (10 minutes) 6.  Design presentation (10 minutes per group including questions): Each group will be assigned a partner group. Each group needs to present their design to their partner group. 7. Critique preparation (20 minutes): Once you have studied another group’s design, prepare a critique of their design. Remember the rules of a good critique! Identify both strengths and weakness and suggest how the design can be improved. 8. Critique presentation (10 minutes per group including questions): Each group will present their critiques to their partner group.

Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

During the Industrial boom of the early 1700’s, no one would have thought that these inventions and ideas could shape the world we live in today, especially then. You do not have to be a historian to know that, with new inventions comes more money; so economically this was revolutionary. For example, the lathe is the oldest and simplest known machine tool. Normally used by carpenters, these were used to make decorative table legs, columns, etc. It was late 17th Century when clockmakers, builders of scientific instruments, and furniture and gun makers began to use the lathe for other than cutting wood. They now made it possible to machine steel and very effectively. The development of precise machine tools, such as compass and telescope, greatly affected the art of navigation and help begin the process for the industrial machine tools of the late 18th and early l9th Centuries. These being the working class citizens, they began to make a little more money a bit easier. With the hard working class making money, their lives begin to brighten in this dim world, families expanding, and people begin to open their eyes. The huge gap between aristocrats and the working class is beginning to close but will not until much later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By opening their eyes, I mean in the literal sense as well as figuratively. With the printing press becoming more predominate, shooting out ink and paper with tremendous speed, we see people actually opening their eyes and becoming literate at a steady rate. People are beginning to read and forming their own ideas about the world. Everyday life is no longer spent contemplating how long one will work in the field, but on how he/she will spend some of this free time acquired by these efficient machines. Europe moved from a primarily agricultural and rural economy to a capitalist and urban economy. Now that these lathes, and agricultural machines and techniques are coming into play, great minds start thinking of ways to improve upon someone else’s ideas. An example is like the lathe; first started out as a wood-working tool, then moved on to machine metal, and then finally it turned into something blacksmiths and clockmakers used to machine gears within 1/10,0 00th of an inch! This in turn, made possible the great advances in standards of living for many people throughout Western Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transportation made a huge leap with the steam engine, railroads, and machining metal to form boats as well.

Employee of the Month

â€Å"EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTH† – from a HRM perspective THE PLOT: Vince Downey is the head cashier and winner of 17 consecutive Employee of the Month awards at Super Club. If he wins one more Employee of the Month, he will be put in the Super Club's Hall of Fame and win a new car. Zack Bradley, who is the ultimate slacker, has been working at the Super Club for 10 years, and is still at the bottom job, working as a box boy. Then Amy enters the picture; she is a new cashier transferring in from another Super Club store. Amy has a reputation of dating men who have won Employee of the Month at the other store, so Vince and Zack want to date Amy. Situation at the Company: Other employees are jealous of Vince's success, possibly as a result of his aggressive behavior. An autocratic and fear-based style of leadership prevails in the company, with the corporate manager, Glenn Ross, being a bully to his younger brother, the bureaucratic store manager. Vince Downey’s character portrait goal-oriented even at the cost of ethics and office relationships aggressive towards co-workers disliked by most other employees of Superclub very motivated towards promotions and incentives. Zach Bradley’s character portrait well-liked by colleagues doesn't mind breaking office rules for benefit of customers and colleagues uses office property after office hours for personal purposes low motivation towards structured goals rebellious towards establishment (possibly due to past failure). His friends are work-shirkers like himself, although they portray surly attitudes towards customers, while Zach doesn't. HRM CONCEPTS FOUND IN THE MOVIE: Maslow's need hierarchy theory Source: http://www. abraham-maslow. com The company aims to improve employee performance through need for self esteem. Zach initially aims for the award in order to win the affections of his female co-worker, Amy (physiological needs). Zach's friend Iqbal advises him to aim for the employee of the month award not just for physiological motives, but for self actualization. This advice is what motivates Zach and helps him overcome his rebelliousness towards the establishment in the end. Employee Initiative During the course of the month, a sea change is visible in Zach’s attitude towards his job. He shows initiative by volunteering for the vacant post of cashier at short notice. He also volunteers to solve management problems by finding storage space for mistakenly received goods. However, these activities, as well as his new perks, estrange him from his old colleagues. Leadership Skills He also shows leadership at the softball game at the end of the month, by motivating his team to win the game. But he breaks a promise to his colleague in doing so, which results in a loss of friendship with his old colleagues. Ethical Conduct In the end of the story, Zach wins the Employee of the Month award through ethical means, and Vince is fired for his unethical behavior in course of aiming for the award. CONCLUSION: The movie portrays the work relationships and attitudes of Theory X motivated workers in a company, in a funny and entertaining way. However, a lot of crude humor and language, as well as sub-plots that demean women, are included in generous quantities, so feminists better find other alternatives to identify their HRM concepts in real life situations! Employee of the Month â€Å"EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTH† – from a HRM perspective THE PLOT: Vince Downey is the head cashier and winner of 17 consecutive Employee of the Month awards at Super Club. If he wins one more Employee of the Month, he will be put in the Super Club's Hall of Fame and win a new car. Zack Bradley, who is the ultimate slacker, has been working at the Super Club for 10 years, and is still at the bottom job, working as a box boy. Then Amy enters the picture; she is a new cashier transferring in from another Super Club store. Amy has a reputation of dating men who have won Employee of the Month at the other store, so Vince and Zack want to date Amy. Situation at the Company: Other employees are jealous of Vince's success, possibly as a result of his aggressive behavior. An autocratic and fear-based style of leadership prevails in the company, with the corporate manager, Glenn Ross, being a bully to his younger brother, the bureaucratic store manager. Vince Downey’s character portrait goal-oriented even at the cost of ethics and office relationships aggressive towards co-workers disliked by most other employees of Superclub very motivated towards promotions and incentives. Zach Bradley’s character portrait well-liked by colleagues doesn't mind breaking office rules for benefit of customers and colleagues uses office property after office hours for personal purposes low motivation towards structured goals rebellious towards establishment (possibly due to past failure). His friends are work-shirkers like himself, although they portray surly attitudes towards customers, while Zach doesn't. HRM CONCEPTS FOUND IN THE MOVIE: Maslow's need hierarchy theory Source: http://www. abraham-maslow. com The company aims to improve employee performance through need for self esteem. Zach initially aims for the award in order to win the affections of his female co-worker, Amy (physiological needs). Zach's friend Iqbal advises him to aim for the employee of the month award not just for physiological motives, but for self actualization. This advice is what motivates Zach and helps him overcome his rebelliousness towards the establishment in the end. Employee Initiative During the course of the month, a sea change is visible in Zach’s attitude towards his job. He shows initiative by volunteering for the vacant post of cashier at short notice. He also volunteers to solve management problems by finding storage space for mistakenly received goods. However, these activities, as well as his new perks, estrange him from his old colleagues. Leadership Skills He also shows leadership at the softball game at the end of the month, by motivating his team to win the game. But he breaks a promise to his colleague in doing so, which results in a loss of friendship with his old colleagues. Ethical Conduct In the end of the story, Zach wins the Employee of the Month award through ethical means, and Vince is fired for his unethical behavior in course of aiming for the award. CONCLUSION: The movie portrays the work relationships and attitudes of Theory X motivated workers in a company, in a funny and entertaining way. However, a lot of crude humor and language, as well as sub-plots that demean women, are included in generous quantities, so feminists better find other alternatives to identify their HRM concepts in real life situations!

Peace in Eastern Religions Essay

All Eastern religions have their own ideas about engendering peace within individuals and society. Jainism and Buddhism insist on the protection of all life. Confucianism permits war whenever reality would not allow for absolute peace within society. Daoism, on the contrary, rejects war by almost equating tranquility with the true nature of humanity. It is reasonable, therefore, to pose the following questions: Do all people love peace? If so, why do we have to discuss the subverting of hatred? As a matter of fact, all people cannot find peace until and unless they have come to believe in certain peace-inducing thoughts, such as ahimsa of the Buddhists. All religions propose peace with their particular sets of beliefs. Followers of the religions are required to know the thoughts of their peace-loving leaders, however, before they can find absolute peace within themselves. There is no religion without knowledge, which is why a Jain must know the basic beliefs of his or her community before peace could be practiced in the form of complete nonviolence. I believe that the â€Å"inner peace† proposed by Buddhism is the most important definition of peace. This is the kind of peace that is available to all, regardless of our levels of education. Even before an individual has realized the peace-inducing thoughts of the Buddha, or another religious leader, â€Å"inner peace† is essentially available. Moreover, nonviolence is best practiced with â€Å"inner peace. † If this kind of peace is not available to an individual, he or she may find it difficult also to understand the nonviolent practices of the religion. After all, an agitated and wrathful mind would not be able to practice nonviolence in the best possible way. Despite the fact that Buddhism is an offshoot of Hinduism, Smith-Christopher (1998), the editor of Subverting Hatred: The Challenge of Nonviolence in Religious Traditions, has positioned the chapter on Buddhism before the chapter on Hinduism. This allows the reader to understand the origins of Buddhism after reflecting on the religion. Most importantly, however, the placement of the chapter on Buddhism before the chapter on its origins allows the reader to be introduced to the concept of â€Å"inner peace† earlier on. This is an indispensable form of peace without which no concept of nonviolence is possible to be understood. Seeing that the subject of the book is the practice of peace, it would have been appropriate also to place the chapter on Buddhism as the first chapter in the book – simply for an understanding of â€Å"inner peace. †

Spanish Comparisons of Inequality

Spanish Comparisons of Inequality Not only is it possible to describe someone as happy, it is also possible to describe that happiness in various degrees - happier, happier than someone, happiest, as happy as someone. In this lesson, we learn how to express the first two of those alternatives. In English, we usually can make an adjective stronger by adding -er to the end (such as in happier, stronger and faster) or by using it with the word more (as in more considerate and more intense). In Spanish, there is no direct equivalent of -er; adjectives are made more intense by preceding them with ms. For example: Marà ­a est ms feliz. Marà ­a is happier.El cielo de Cuba es ms azul. Cubas sky is bluer.Mis padres son ms ricos. My parents are richer.Compro unos libros ms caros. I am buying some more expensive books. Usually que is used when making a comparison: Mi coche es ms grande que tu coche. My car is bigger than your car.Soy ms alto que tà º. Im taller than you.La casa es ms blanca que la nieve. The house is whiter than the snow. To indicate less rather than more, use menos rather than ms: Marà ­a est menos feliz. Marà ­a is less happy.El cielo de Chile es menos azul. Chiles sky is less blue.La casa es menos blanca que la nieve. The house is less white than the snow. Ms and menos can be used with adverbs in the same way: Corres ms rpido que yo. You run faster than I.Silvia habla menos claro que Ana. Silvia speaks less clearly than Ana. Note that in the above examples, in English it would be very common to add a form of to do at the end of the comparison, such as You run faster than I do and Silvia speaks less clearly than Ana does. However, the do or does should not be translated to Spanish. There are a few words, all very common, that have their own comparative forms: The comparative form of bueno (good) and its forms (buena, buenos and buenas) is mejor or mejores, translated as better. Example: Eres mejor hombre que yo. You are a better man than I.The comparative form of bien (well) is also mejor, again translated as better. Example: Ella estudia mejor que tà º. She studies better than you.The comparative form of malo (bad) and its forms (mala, malos and malas) is peor or peores, translated as worse. Example: Los remedios son peores que la enfermedad. The cures are worse than the illness.The comparative form of mal (badly) is also peor, again translated as worse. Example: Se siente peor que yo. He feels worse than I do. Additionally, although ms pequeà ±o and ms grande are often used for smaller and bigger, respectively, menor and mayor are sometimes used. Mayor also is used to mean older when referring to people. Note: Do not confuse comparisons of adjectives or adverbs with more than and less than in the following examples. Note that ms de and menos de are used when referring to numbers. Tengo ms de 30 pesos. I have more than 30 pesos.Mi hijo tiene menos de 20 aà ±os. My son is less than 20 years old.

Major General Charles Lee in the American Revolution

Major General Charles Lee in the American Revolution Major General Charles Lee (February 6, 1732–October 2, 1782) was a controversial commander who served during the  American Revolution (1775–1783). A British Army veteran, he offered his services to the Continental Congress and was given a commission. Lees prickly demeanor and substantial ego brought him into frequent conflict with  General George Washington. He was relieved of his command during the  Battle of Monmouth Court House and was later dismissed from the Continental Army by Congress. Fast Fact: Major General Charles Lee Rank: Major GeneralService: British Army, Continental ArmyBorn: February 6, 1732 in Cheshire, EnglandDied: October 2, 1782 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaNicknames: Ounewaterika  or Boiling Water in MohawkParents: Major General John Lee and Isabella BunburyConflicts: French Indian War (1754-1763), American Revolution (1775-1783)Known For: Battle of the Monongahela, Battle of Carillon, Siege of Boston, Battle of Monmouth Early Life Born February 6, 1732, in Cheshire, England, Lee was the son of Major General John Lee and his wife Isabella Bunbury. Sent to school in Switzerland at an early age, he was taught a variety of languages and received a basic military education. Returning to Britain at age 14, Lee attended the King Edward VI School in Bury St. Edmonds before his father purchased him an ensigns commission in the British Army. Serving in his fathers regiment, the 55th Foot (later 44th Foot), Lee spent time in Ireland before purchasing a lieutenants commission in 1751. With the beginning of the French and Indian War, the regiment was ordered to North America. Arriving in 1755, Lee took part Major General Edward Braddocks disastrous campaign which ended at the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9. French and Indian War Ordered to the Mohawk Valley in New York, Lee became friendly with the local Mohawks and was adopted by the tribe. Given the name Ounewaterika or Boiling Water, he was permitted to marry the daughter of one of the chiefs. In 1756, Lee purchased a promotion to captain and a year later took part in the failed expedition against the French fortress of Louisbourg. Returning to New York, Lees regiment became part of Major General James Abercrombies advance against Fort Carillon in 1758. That July, he was badly wounded during the bloody repulse at the Battle of Carillon. Recovering, Lee took part in Brigadier General John Prideauxs successful 1759 campaign to capture Fort Niagara before joining the British advance on Montreal the following year. Interwar Years With the conquest of Canada complete, Lee was transferred to the 103rd Foot and promoted to major. In this role, he served in Portugal and played a key part in Colonel John Burgoynes triumph at the Battle of Vila Velha on October 5, 1762. The fighting saw Lees men recapture the town and win a lopsided victory that inflicted around 250 killed and captured on the Spanish while only sustaining only 11 casualties. With the end of the war in 1763, Lees regiment was disbanded and he was placed on half-pay. Seeking employment, he traveled to Poland two years later and became an aide-de-camp to King Stanislaus (II) Poniatowski. Made a major general in the Polish service, he later returned to Britain in 1767. Still unable to obtain a position in the British Army, Lee resumed his post in Poland in 1769 and took part in the Russo-Turkish War (1778–1764). While abroad, he lost two fingers in a duel. To America Invalided back to Britain in 1770, Lee continued to petition for a post in the British service. Though promoted to lieutenant colonel, no permanent position was available. Frustrated, Lee decided to return to North America and settled in western Virginia in 1773. There he purchased a large estate near lands owned by his friend Horatio Gates. Quickly impressing key individuals in the colony, such as Richard Henry Lee, he became sympathetic to the Patriot cause. As hostilities with Britain looked increasingly likely, Lee advised that an army should be formed. With the Battles of Lexington and Concord and subsequent beginning of the American Revolution in April 1775, Lee immediately offered his services to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Joining the American Revolution Based on his prior military exploits, Lee fully expected to be made the commander-in-chief of the new Continental Army. Though Congress was pleased to have an officer with Lees experience join the cause, it was put off by his slovenly appearance, desire to be paid, and frequent use of obscene language. The post instead was given to another Virginian, General George Washington. Lee was commissioned as the Armys second-most senior major general behind Artemis Ward. Despite being listed third in the Armys hierarchy, Lee was effectively second, as the aging Ward had little ambition beyond overseeing the ongoing Siege of Boston. Charleston Immediately resentful of Washington, Lee traveled north to Boston with his commander in July 1775. Taking part in the siege, his gruff personal behavior was tolerated by other officers due to his prior military accomplishments. With the arrival of the new year, Lee was ordered to Connecticut to raise forces for the defense of New York City. Shortly thereafter, Congress appointed him to command the Northern, and later Canadian, Department. Though selected for these posts, Lee never served in them because on March 1, Congress directed him to take over the Southern Department at Charleston, South Carolina. Reaching the city on June 2, Lee was quickly faced with the arrival of a British invasion force led by Major General Henry Clinton and Commodore Peter Parker. As the British prepared to land, Lee worked to fortify the city and support Colonel William Moultries garrison at Fort Sullivan. Doubtful that Moultrie could hold, Lee recommended that he fall back to the city. This was refused and the forts garrison turned back the British at the Battle of Sullivans Island on June 28. In September, Lee received orders to rejoin Washingtons army at New York. As a nod to Lees return, Washington changed the name of Fort Constitution, on the bluffs overlooking the Hudson River, to Fort Lee. Reaching New York, Lee arrived in time for the Battle of White Plains. Issues with Washington In the wake of the American defeat, Washington entrusted Lee with a large portion of the Army and tasked him with first holding Castle Hill and then Peekskill. With the collapse of the American position around New York after the losses of Fort Washington and Fort Lee, Washington began retreating across New Jersey. As the retreat began, he ordered Lee to join him with his troops. As the autumn had progressed, Lees relationship with his superior had continued to degrade and he began sending intensely critical letters regarding Washingtons performance to Congress. Though one of these was accidentally read by Washington, the American commander, more disappointed than angered, did not take action. Capture Moving at a slow pace, Lee brought his men south into New Jersey. On December 12, his column encamped south of Morristown. Rather than remain with his men, Lee and his staff took quarters at Whites Tavern several miles from the American camp. The next morning, Lees guard was surprised by a British patrol led by Lieutenant Colonel William Harcourt and including Banastre Tarleton. After a brief exchange, Lee and his men were captured. Though Washington attempted to exchange several Hessian officers taken at Trenton for Lee, the British refused. Held as a deserter due to his previous British service, Lee wrote and submitted a plan for defeating the Americans to General Sir William Howe. An act of treason, the plan was not made public until 1857. With the American victory at Saratoga, Lees treatment improved and he was finally exchanged for Major General Richard Prescott on May 8, 1778. Battle of Monmouth Still popular with Congress and parts of the Army, Lee rejoined Washington at Valley Forge on May 20, 1778. The following month, British forces under Clinton began evacuating Philadelphia and moving north to New York. Assessing the situation, Washington desired to pursue and attack the British. Lee strenuously objected to this plan as he felt the new alliance with France precluded the need to fight unless victory was certain. Overruling Lee, Washington and the army crossed to New Jersey and closed with the British. On June 28, Washington ordered Lee to take a force of 5,000 men forward to attack the enemys rearguard. At around 8 a.m., Lees column met the British rearguard under Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis just north of Monmouth Court House. Rather than commence a coordinated attack, Lee committed his troops piecemeal and rapidly lost control of the situation. After a few hours of fighting, the British moved to flank Lees line. Seeing this, Lee ordered a general retreat after offering little resistance. Falling back, he and his men encountered Washington, who was advancing with the rest of the Army. Appalled by the situation, Washington sought out Lee and demanded to know what had happened. After receiving no satisfactory answer, he rebuked Lee in one of the few instances where he swore publicly. Replying with inappropriate language, Lee was immediately relieved of his command. Riding forward, Washington was able to rescue American fortunes during the remainder of the Battle of Monmouth Court House. Later Career and Life Moving to the rear, Lee promptly wrote two highly insubordinate letters to Washington and demanded a court-martial to clear his name. Obliging, Washington had a court-martial convened at New Brunswick, New Jersey on July 1. Proceeding under the guidance of Major General Lord Stirling, the hearings concluded on August 9. Three days later, the board returned and found Lee guilty of disobeying orders in the face of the enemy, misbehavior, and disrespecting the commander-in-chief. In the wake of the verdict, Washington forwarded it to Congress for action. On December 5, Congress voted to sanction Lee by relieving him from command for one year. Forced from the field, Lee began working to overturn the verdict and openly attacked Washington. These actions cost him what little popularity he had remaining. In response to his assault on Washington, Lee was challenged to several duels. In December 1778, Colonel John Laurens, one of Washingtons aides, wounded him in the side during a duel. This injury prevented Lee from following through on a challenge from Major General Anthony Wayne. Returning to Virginia in 1779, he learned that Congress intended to dismiss him from the service. In response, he wrote a scathing letter that resulted in his formal dismissal from the Continental Army on January 10, 1780. Death Lee moved to Philadelphia in the same month as his dismissal, January 1780. He resided in the city until taking ill and dying on October 2, 1782. Though unpopular, his funeral was attended by much of Congress and several foreign dignitaries. Lee was buried at Christ Episcopal Church and Churchyard in Philadelphia.

Themes And Ideologies In The American Society Case Study - 1

Themes And Ideologies In The American Society - Case Study Example In Hollywood, the outlaw hero’s view of civilization is portrayed as a life in marriage with a woman. A woman helps a man to settle down and attain calmness in his life. Only those women that allow their husbands to proceed with their self-determined and adventurous lives are deemed as female outlaw heroes. In terms of characterization, the outlaw hero is seen to be against societal standards and in preference of defining justice at the individual level and not by the society’s collective law. Contrary to this, the official hero is more modernized, civilized, and quaint. In his description, Robert Ray points out that the official hero may be portrayed as a lawyer, teacher, farmer, politician, or family man. In this case, the official hero represents collective action as part of the American belief and the legal processes that replace individual definitions of right or wrong. As such, this is the kind of hero that each parent wants their children to grow up to be one who embraces law in solving life’s injustices. This paper review the description made by Robert Ray concerning how Hollywood portrays the competing values of the official hero and the outlaw hero. The outlaw hero is depicted as childish and having the tendency of tantrums, whims, and emotional decisions that have been derived from the cult of childhood among Americans(Ray, 1985). Ray reviews Fielder’s observation of how American literature tends to uphold the view that an individual that falls short of adulthood is guaranteed innocence and insight. American literature offered privileges to children, and they were not confined by societal rules. Such a notion set in motion the outlawed actions as related to daily affairs. According to Fielder, the developed childhood image has created a new approach to adult life outside the law, yet permissible in society.

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My country is russia - Essay Example As Paltsev and Reilly (2009) point out, the US and Europe remain wary of energy rich nations like Saudi Arabia and Russia. Weak Institutions Russia ranks 133rd out of 144 countries in the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) 2012-2013. According to Aidis and Estrin (2005), the formal institutional environment is the main barrier in developing entrepreneurship in Russia. Corruption is the important factor due to the low income of the governing classes. Business cannot develop when property rights are not fully enforced, and there is no rule of law which provides a conducive environment for entrepreneurship. Adequate finance for private enterprise to flourish, is also lacking. Social Unity 100 billionaires own 30% personal wealth in Russia compared to a global figure of less than 2%. Russia has a dearth in social capital, which is based on trust, values and networks. Putnam and Pollock opine that social capital is â€Å"the capacity for self-organizat ion and collective action in pursuit of some common good† (Menyashev & Polishchuk, p 2). Social capital can lead to economic development in two ways. One is by cutting transaction costs in the private sector and the other by finding a solution to the agency problem between the government and society. Policies Energy Scenario Russia has diversified to find new customers in China, Japan and North America for natural gas. The state-owned Gazprom owns most of the gas reserves and pipelines after the Soviet disintegration. It has also created new pipelines that would bypass the other ex-Soviet republics. It has the eighth largest oil reserves in the world. Production of oil increased from 2000 to 2004 after which there has been a slowdown. On the other hand, the electricity sector has been reorganized, which has attracted foreign players. Russia formed the Gas OPEC or Troika inspite of which, spare capacity has moved beyond the OPEC. When it moved beyond usual production by exploit ing the Arctic and East Siberia, US became oil independent. Moreover, many countries also increased their oil production. When it reduced subsidies, maximized energy efficiency, and upgraded energy infrastructure, it did not offer reform to the sector and the politicized firms could not take advantage of this development. The demand for oil reduced because of factors like energy efficiency measures, Europe bypassing Russia and the breakthrough in energy resources. This has been despite a growth in population of Russia. Weak Institutions Due to excessive bureaucracy, there is a growth in informal networks, which help to mobilize resources. There is intimacy and reciprocity in such networks. The entrepreneurs use only short-term finance which could point to an underdeveloped banking sector with poor collateral laws. The liability ratio is less than one which restricts the scale of enterprise whether as a startup or for the purpose of expansion. Trade credit in the form of loans from o ne firm to another in the supply chain is used and the profit earned is ploughed back into the business. Unclear bureaucratic policies increase the cost to business. According to Transparency International, public officials and civil servants, including the police, are the most corrupt institutions in Russia. In 2012, Russia ranked 101 in the overall quality of infrastructure. Though Russia is one of the most educated countries, the quality of education is declining. Life expectancy is low when compared to countries with similar GDP. The number of

Gentrification And The Effects On Urban Development Sociology Essay

Gentrification And The Effects On Urban Development Sociology Essay Today, the urban development is vulnerable to the growing impact of gentrification. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the process of gentrification emerges under the impact of multiple factors, including economic and social ones and the process of globalization, which stimulate consistent changes in urban development. At the same time, the process of urban development leads to socioeconomic and demographic changes, provoked by the gentrification. However, possible effects of gentrification are still under-researched and the debate on whether gentrification leads to positive or negative effects persists. Nevertheless, changes in the development of cities are significant and force policy makers either to support or to slow down the process of gentrification. However, any attempt of policy makers to regulate the process of gentrification and, therefore, urban development confronts the problem of the interference of state in the process of local economic development. In such a situation, policy makers should understand clearly whether gentrification has positive or negative effects and whether benefits of gentrification outweigh its disadvantages. In fact, the support of gentrification is essential only on the condition of the positive effect on the urban development but, in actuality, the risk of widening gaps between different social classes, namely between the rich and the poor, may widen that may lead to the exclusion of the poor and their marginalization. Therefore, the process of gentrification needs to be studied in details but policy makers should take into consideration the fact that gentrification has a considerable impact on the social, economic and demographic development of modern urban areas. THE ESSENCE OF GENTRIFICATION Definition of gentrification Gentrification is a relatively new trend, although specialists (De Courcy Hinds, 1987) refer the origin of gentrification to the mid-20th century and the post-World War II period, when considerable changes in communities inhabited by representatives of lower- and working class had started. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the experience of Brooklyn, New York: On November 22, 1966, a small group of city construction workers arrived at the corner of State and Nevins Street in Brooklyn with orders to raze an abandoned brownstone. Having recently gained possession of the dilapidated four-story building through non-payment of taxes, the city had become concerned that the empty townhouse was a gathering place for homeless men and drug users and decided to demolish it (Osman, 2011, 1). However, it is only by the late 20th century, the trend to gentrification had become strong and today this is one of the most significant trends in the urban development. At this point, specialists (McKenzie, 2006) define gentrification as the process of shift of the middle class population in low income and working class communities. As a rule, the native population of low-income and working class communities is steadily replaced by representatives of the upper-class and professionals, who settle in the area, whereas the share of the native population decreases substantially. The wealthier population moves to low-income and working class communities, settles their and starts developing local communities. In such a situation, the native population of these communities has to move to other areas and settle there. Nevertheless, the process of gentrification is still under-researched and needs further studies because this process is quite complicated and relatively new. This is why researchers attempt to explore the process of gentrification in the context of urban development (Sassen, 1995). In such a way, it is possible to understand its effects on urban development. However, before studying effects of gentrification on urban development, it is necessary to dwell upon basic causes of gentrification. Causes of gentrification can help to understand the essence of this process and its effects in a long-run perspective. Economic causes of gentrification On analyzing causes of gentrification, specialists (Brandes Gratz, 1989) point out economic concerns as one of the major causes of gentrification. To put it more precisely, the economic development of large cities contributes to the fast progress and growth of the population along with the growth of needs and requirements of the population concerning residential areas, conveniences and environment. In such a situation, the younger generation of professionals and representatives of the middle class often prefers to move to low-income and working class communities, where they can afford purchasing a permanent lodging at a relatively low price and, thus, start living separately from their parents, owning their own lodging. The availability of lodging and its relatively low price attracts representatives of the middle class, who look for independence and affordable lodging. In addition, many professionals are driven to low-income and working class communities by their professional concerns. For instance, if professionals work in the city, they feel more comfortable, when they live close to their work that allows them to save travel time as well as money. In such a situation, economic concerns become prior to representatives of the middle class and professionals, mainly young people, who move to low-income and working class communities from traditional areas of their living. Social causes of gentrification In actuality, social factors also play an important part in the emergence of gentrification in modern cities that affects consistently their development. In this regard, specialists (Ley, 1995) argue that artists, teachers and cultural administrators are in the avant-garde of gentrification because they seek for new place of residence, where they can settle being free of the dependence on automotive transportation and other issues emerging in the suburban areas, where representatives of the middle class normally live. In fact, young graduates, educators, artists and other representatives of the middle class prefer to settle closer to the city center to get access to basic conveniences, services and important city areas, including hospitals, trade centers and other areas. In such a way, they attempt to maintain the lifestyle they have used to while studying and get wider access to basic services they need at the moment. In addition, gentrification increases their independence from par ents and automotive transport. In such a way, representatives of the middle class move to low-income and working class communities. Economic globalization At the same time, some specialists (Ley, 1986) point out that the process of gentrification is closely intertwined and is provoked by the process of globalization. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that the process of globalization contributes to the free and fast movement of capital along with the migration of the population. The migration of the population and movement of capital being enhanced by the free movement of capital stimulates gentrification. Representatives of the middle class purchase houses in low-income and working class communities and they can repair and improve to match their standards of living. In this regard, immigrants with a relatively high level of income can also move to low-income and working class community, where they can purchase houses at a relatively low price and repair them respectively to their standards. At the same time, globalization contributes to the emergence of banking and service activities which replace the traditional manufacturing core of the urban economy. In such a situation, professional working in the banking industry and professionals working in different industries providing services prefer to move to low-income and working class communities, where they can settle close to their workplace, whereas many professionals today work just at home that allow them to save time and money on transportation. At the same time, low-income and working class communities attract them due to the relatively low price and location close to the city center and respective conveniences and services being available to representatives of the middle class living in these communities. THE EFFECTS OF GENTRIFICATION ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT Economic effects of gentrification In actuality, the process of gentrification leads to consistent changes in urban development and affects consistently the economic development of communities vulnerable to the impact of gentrification. In this regard, many specialists warn that the obvious problem being that the low income portion of the social fold is being disregardedà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬literally and figuratively (Whatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Up with Gentrification, 2007, 5). What is meant here is the fact that gentrification leads to the replacement of poor, working class population by representatives of the middle class. In such a situation, low-income families and representatives of the working class have to move from their communities to other ones, where the standards of living are even lower than that of their own communities inhabited by representatives of the middle class. Representatives of the middle class, in their turn, inhabit low-income and working class communities start consistent changes in local communities, where they settle. These changes lead to consistent raise in standards of living because they repair their houses and stimulate the development of commerce and different services, which are essential for the maintenance of their high standards of living. In such a way, representatives of the middle class invest substantial funds in the development of local communities to match them to their traditional standards of living, which are naturally consistently higher than standards of living for low-income families and representatives of the working class. At the same time, the rise of standards of living, significant investments, the development of the local infrastructure, services and facilities increases substantially the price of real estate in the community as well as costs of living in the community. In such a situation, representatives of the middle class settling in low-income and working class community bring considerable investments but these investments lead to the increase of costs of living in communities making the life unaffordable for low-income and working class population. As a result, the economic development of communities vulnerable to the impact of gentrification changes consistently. Specialists (McKenzie, 2006) argue that representatives of the middle class moving to low-income and working class communities boost their economic development that leads to the increase in housing prices and overall rise of costs of living. As a result, low-income and working class communities turn from poverty stricken communities into successful and rapidly progressing communities, where business activities emerge successfully. At first glance, economic effects of gentrification are positive. However, specialists (Sassen, 1995) warn that such positive effects of gentrification can have extremely dangerous side-effects, especially in relation to low-income and working class. To put it more precisely, the low-income and working class population has to move from the communities, where people used to live before the arrival of representatives of the middle class. Often they have to move away from the areas located close to the city center and they should look for cheap lodging. However, as the process of gentrification emerges, they have substantial problems with finding cheap lodging, while they cannot afford constructing their own houses, which used to be the prerogative of representatives of the middle class. Representatives of the low-income and working class cannot afford purchasing their own homes as well. In such a situation, they are doomed to live in outskirts of large cities or other areas, where cond itions of living deteriorate and become unbearable for the population. In contrast, representatives of the middle class improve conditions of living, stimulate the development of business activities. As a result, the poor are forced to live in communities suffering from economic stagnation, whereas the rich and middle class prosper. The economic disparity between classes deteriorates the economic development of low-income and working class. The disparity in economic development of different parts of cities leads to the backwardness of the parts inhabited by low-income and working class, whereas parts of cities inhabiting by middle class prosper. The economic prosperity stimulated by gentrification improves the local infrastructure and opens new ways for the development of business activities. As a result, the wealth of the middle and upper-class increases and is accumulated in the hands of representatives of the middle and upper-class. In contrast, the poor grow poorer and cannot afford living within the city that leads to their marginalization. Social effects of gentrification At the same time, consistent economic changes affect the development of the social life of communities vulnerable to the impact of gentrification. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the deterioration of the economic situation in urban areas and the deterioration of the position of low-income and working class. Representatives of the middle class are also vulnerable to the impact of gentrification. However, the impact of gentrification is different in relation to low-income and working class and in relation to the middle class. Economic changes affect consistently the position of both classes that naturally contributes to consistent social changes. In fact, the poor are vulnerable to the negative impact of gentrification. First of all, they have to move from their traditional residential areas to new ones, where they have to start a new life and where conditions of living are worse compared to the communities they used to live in. Representatives of the low-income and working class have to live in new communities and start a new life, which naturally evokes a number of social problems, among which it is necessary to develop basic infrastructure and positive relationships within the community. Furthermore, as the poor have to move to a new residential area, they often have to change their workplace because they cannot always afford covering transportation costs or the schedule of their work makes their work impossible. As they change the workplace, they may face the problem of unemployment, especially because they have to move to areas with the poor business development and with stagnating economy. In such a situation, representatives of the low-income and working class can face another problem à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ the problem of high crime rates in areas, where they settle after they have to move from their communities under the impact of gentrification. In fact, being in a desperate position and having no means for living, the poor are forced to commit crimes to earn for living and to afford living in a new community, where they move to from communities now inhabited by representatives of the middle class mainly. Representatives of the low-income and working class slip to criminal activities that naturally increase the social tension in poverty-stricken neighborhoods, where they live. Another social problem representatives of the lower class face is the lack of access to education. In fact, as they are removed from traditional residential areas, where they used to live, the poor have to develop their life in new communities and areas, which are often underdeveloped. They cannot afford developing education organizations and education system in their new community on their own. The state and local authorities are not always capable and willing to support the population of local communities. As a result, new communities inhabiting by the poor either have insufficient capacities to provide access to education for students in these communities, or have no education organizations at all. Obviously, the lack of access to education will increase the social tension even more because without education individuals cannot get well-paid jobs and good career opportunities. In addition, children living in low-income communities with the high level of crime rates are vulnerable t o the impact of their criminal environment. Therefore, the position of the poor will deteriorate, whereas social problems will increase over and over again. In addition, it is worth mentioning the fact that health care services are not available to the poor, who have to move to new residential areas after representatives of the upper class have replaced them in their traditional residential areas. In fact, health care services are not available as education services. Today, health care services are very expensive and the poor cannot afford the development of health care organizations in their communities, whereas the state lacks funds for the provision of health care services to all people. In such a situation, the poor are deprived of basic opportunities to have access to basic health care services. In contrast to the poor, representatives of the middle class can benefit from gentrification economically but they can hardly benefit from gentrification in social terms. What is meant here is the fact that representatives of the middle class exclude representatives of the lower class from the mainstream culture and benefits associated with the fast economic development of their communities. In fact, in social terms, gentrification leads to the growing tension between representatives of different social classes. To put it in simple words, representatives of the middle class improve their conditions of living, whereas the poor become poorer and suffer from a bunch of socio-economic problems. Moreover, the gap between the rich and the poor grows wider and specialists (Sassen, 1995) forecast serious conflicts between the two classes under the impact of gentrification because the problem will aggravate and the gap between the two classes will widen. Demographic effects of gentrification Along with numerous economic and social effects of gentrification, specialists (McKenzie, 2006) distinguish demographic effects. In this respect, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the process of gentrification contributes to consistent demographic changes. In fact, representatives of the middle class purchasing houses in the low-income and working class communities tend to have a few children. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that representatives of the middle class, who move to low-income and working class communities, are young people mainly. As a rule, they are not having children, when they move to low-income and working class communities. They need substantial financial resources to start a new life in low-income and working class communities. In such a situation, representatives of the middle class prefer to invest in the repair of their new houses and the development of low-income and working class communities to transform them into prosperous co mmunities. In such a situation, the rise of taxes and costs of living decreases the capabilities of representatives of the middle class living in low-income and working class communities of having children. In a long-run perspective, gentrification leads to the aging of the population living in communities, where representatives of the middle class have moved to. The same trend can be traced in low-income and working class communities because they cannot afford maintaining large families. In such a situation, the risk of the demographic crisis emerges because both representatives of the middle and lower classes have a few children. Specialists (Brandes Gratz, 1989) argue that, in a long-run perspective, the demographic crisis provoked by gentrification can lead to the aging of the population. The latter may provoke the deterioration of the economic situation and provoke social problems. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GENTRIFICATION Advantages of gentrification Obviously, gentrification has a number of advantages. First of all, gentrification stimulates the fast economic development of low-income and working class communities because representatives of the middle class invest substantial financial resources in the development of the communities. The investment and the development of local infrastructure increase housing prices in local areas. In such a situation, the housing taxes increase as the wealth of the community increases. Therefore, the economic development of communities under the impact of gentrification is accelerated. The development of communities stimulates the development of cities at large because cities benefit from the increased revenues obtained from taxation and accelerated economic development of would be low-income and working class communities. Representatives of the middle class obtain large opportunities for the further improvement of their standards of living. As a result, they benefit from gentrification. Disadvantages of gentrification On the other hand, gentrification brings a number of problems and has substantial disadvantages. First of all, Gentrification deteriorates the position of the poor, who have to move from low-income and working class communities, which are inhabited by representatives of the middle class. Their economic position becomes even worse as they have to move to new communities. In fact, the poverty breeds poverty being expelled from low-income and working class communities by representatives of the middle class. In addition, representatives of the lower class have to move to new communities, where a bunch of socioeconomic problems emerge. Among the major problems of socioeconomic problems, it is worth mentioning unemployment, the lack of access of the poor to education and basic health care services, and other problems. However, what is more important about gentrification is widening the gap between the rich and the poor. In fact, the poor become poorer, whereas representatives of the middle class improve their position. In such a situation, gentrification can undermine the foundation of modern cities because it raises unsurpassable barriers between the rich and the poor living in the cities but this antagonism can provoke serious social conflicts, including growing crime rates, which may affect not only poverty stricken communities but also other communities, including communities inhabited by representatives of the middle class and communities emerged in terms of gentrification. CONCLUSION Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that gentrification is quite a controversial process. In actuality, it is obvious that gentrification affects consistently the urban development. However, effects of gentrification can be highly controversial. On the one hand, gentrification stimulates the economic development of communities, where representatives of the middle class move to. However, economic benefits may be short-run, whereas, in a long-run perspective, gentrification can lead to the widening gap between the rich and the poor in cities. The latter problem will lead to the deterioration of the social stability within cities. Nevertheless, the full impact of gentrification on urban development should be studied further.